Helicoprion, Prehistoric Shark Facts and Figures

The only surviving evidence of the prehistoric shark Helicoprion is a tight, curled-up coil of triangular teeth, a bit like a fruit roll-up, but considerably deadlier. As far as paleontologists can tell, this bizarre structure was attached to the bottom part of Helicoprions jaw, but exactly how it was used, and on what prey, remains a mystery. Some experts think the coil was used to grind away the shells of swallowed mollusks, while others (perhaps influenced by the movie Alien) think Helicoprion unfurled the coil explosively like a whip, spearing any unfortunate creatures in its path. Whatever the case, the existence of this coil is proof that the natural world can be stranger than (or at least as strange as) fiction! A recent fossil analysis, conducted with the aid of a high-resolution CT scanner, appears to have solved the Helicoprion enigma. Apparently, this creatures whirled teeth were actually housed inside the bone of its lower jaw; the new teeth gradually unfurled into Helicoprions mouth and pushed the older ones further away (indicating either that Helicoprion replaced its teeth unusually rapidly, or that it subsisted on soft-bodied prey like squids). In addition, when Helicoprion closed its mouth, its distinctive tooth whorl pushed food further into the back of its throat. In this same article, the authors argue that Helicoprion was not, in fact, a shark, but a prehistoric relative of the cartilaginous fish known as ratfish. Time Period of the Helicoprion Part of what makes Helicoprion such an exotic creature is when it lived: all the way from the early Permian period, about 290 million years ago, to the early Triassic, 40 million years later, at a time when sharks were only beginning to obtain a tentative toehold (or finhold) on the undersea food chain, competing as they did with comparably fierce marine reptiles. Amazingly, the early Triassic fossil specimens of Helicoprion indicate that this ancient shark somehow managed to survive the Permian-Triassic Extinction Event, which killed a whopping 95 percent of marine animals (though, to be fair, Helicoprion only managed to struggle on for a million years or so before succumbing to extinction itself). Helicoprion Facts and Figures Name: Helicoprion (Greek for spiral saw); pronounced HEH-lih-COPE-ree-onHabitat: Oceans worldwideHistorical Period: Early Permian-Early Triassic (290-250 million years ago)Size and Weight: About 13-25 feet long and 500-1,000 poundsDiet: Marine animals; possibly specialized in squidsDistinguishing Characteristics: Shark-like appearance; rolled-up teeth in front of jaw

Immigration Is One Of The Most Popular Topics Today

Prim A. Green Professor James Leary English 101 [DR] 23 February 2016 Immigration is one of the most popular topics today. Over 4.4 million illegal aliens are on the waiting list to be documented. Many U.S. citizens have been in an outrage over legalizing immigrants. But what many people fail to realize is that immigration has several advantages that far exceeds the negative concerns. Immigration brings several economic advantages to the United States. Immigration also has a huge influence on American culture. Despite the fact, their are numerous people against immigration, a huge number of these depend on defective or false accusations that don t focus on any positive parts of immigration. Many American s believe immigration decreases wages for low-skilled Americans (Millstein). But in fact, it doesn t, a 2012 financial examination found that somewhere around 1990 and 2006, immigration to the U.S. really drove up wages for local conceived Americans without secondary school diplomas (Hunt). The increase was between .6 percent and 1.7 percent (Hunt 8). The average wages were increased by the immigrants who came to the United States during that period. There are various purposes behind this, Immigrants are consumers as well as employees (Millstein). Somewhere around 1990 and 2007 undocumented specialist expanded the pay of legitimate laborers in integral employment by up to 10 percent (Morris). Morris also says, Many high-income countries haveShow MoreRelatedThe Issue Of Illegal Immigration1623 Words   |  7 PagesThrough the election process, each candidate is asked about many topics. One topic inparticular has become very popular, illegal immigration. The primary que stion that is asked is, â€Å"How will you deport and limit the number of illegal immigrants in the United States?† This question got me thinking, If I were in their position what would I say in response? The following essay will illustrate the ideas on illegal immigration. Facts Immigration has always been a problem ever since we put a border betweenRead MoreShould The Deportation Of All Immigrants Really? Make America Great Again?995 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscovered the New World. In this case, it is true that history repeats itself because the issue of driving people out of free land persists today. Perhaps it’s because there are several misconceptions associated with immigrants. Perhaps it’s because Americans do not want to change the U.S. national identity, even though America was founded by immigrants. Today, immigrants are employed in jobs that contribute to the United States in some way or another. How so? For example, consider the fruits andRead MoreThe Immigration Of The United States Essay1641 Words   |  7 Pages Immigration In America The people living in the United States of America are confronted with a debatable issue each and everyday. Illegal immigration into America and the immigration laws that follow make for an emotional topic. Often times people in the U.S argue whether the laws against illegal and legal immigration in America are the proper laws for the issues at hand. Many people think that illegal immigration should be stopped while others believe that the outbreak of newcomers can helpRead MoreCultural Diversity in New York Essay1646 Words   |  7 Pagesatmospheres have brought their families and dreams to New York City. Although Immigration patters throughout the last 200 years have varied, New York has consistently seen people from around the world move to the city and call it home. From the earliest points in our history as a nation, New York has been a center for trade and economic growth. New York is known world wide as a cultural melting pot. While other states have had immigration surges, n one have compared to the diversity and sheer number of immigrantsRead MoreImmigration Policy At Kennesaw State University Essay1541 Words   |  7 PagesThe world has always debated immigration, yet never coming to a conclusion. On the one hand, there are some countries that have been more open to the idea and practice of immigration. Canada is a prime example. From the article, Immigration Policy at the Subnational Level In North America: Quebec and Georgia In Comparative Perspective, written by political science professor at Kennesaw State University, Richard Vengroff, Canada is an outlier among advanced industrial nations in terms of the overallRead MoreThe Immigration Act Of 19241732 Words   |  7 Pagesbecame, and still is, a promised land for many. As a result, immigration has become a pivotal topic in the American culture and with time, the dynamics of immigration has changed due to a shifting of focus between different immigrant groups. From the Chinese exclusion act in 1 882 to the Immigration Act of 1924, which restricted Eastern European immigrants’ access to the USA, different groups of people have been the principal focus of immigration reform (HISTORY Corporation, 2009). Since the early-20thRead MoreImmigrant Influence On Culture And Society1010 Words   |  5 Pagesdescribing immigration, the most popular term was â€Å"melting pot†, but lately the more politically correct term is â€Å"salad bowl†. The melting pot better describes American society because the cultures have blended together and became more accepting of each other. The history of immigration in the United States has been greatly shaped by immigrant influence on culture and society, the nation’s fluid immigration laws, and how incoming immigrants are perceived by the population of each era. Immigration in theRead MorePeople Hear The Word Immigration1647 Words   |  7 Pagesand age, when people hear the word immigration, they quickly come up with what it means to be an immigrant and make up their own conclusion about the hot topic issue. What we as Americans believe immigration is depends on a lot of different factors, such as, what we do for a living, what part of the United States we live in, and most importantly our very own personal interactions with people coming from other cultures. More times than not, if you live in one of the few states that touch the boarderRead MoreAmerica s The New York Times1700 Words   |  7 Pagesnot only the paper to reach the public, but also have online media context for more modern-day viewers. With this outreach, they are able to be a news source for the entire world. Similarly to Facebook’s trending topics, The New York Times’s front page is mainly political. For example, one of the stories featured on the front pa ge, Veterans Feel the Cost of U.S. Nuclear Tests, talks about veterans who cleaned up a nuclear fallout in the Enewetak Atoll and their resulting health issues. As stated inRead MoreViews on Curtural Globalization1040 Words   |  5 Pages In the past, it was really hard to spread a culture one country to around the world. However, nowadays, we enjoy music, food, movies, and practice other religions from different cultures around the globe. This is all due to cultural globalization. Cultural globalization is spread of ideas and values via Internet, popular culture, international travel, and immigration. Immigrations are one of the best methods to spread a culture because the immigrants can practice their culture everyday and share

A Report on Environment Friendly Work Place

Question: Describe environmental programs which can be adopted, with particular emphasis onwaste paper. Discuss the potential problems and benefits of the programs. Includeany information on the experiences had by other firms. Respond to the suggestionsby the Managing Partner. Answer: Introduction 1.1 Purpose The business organizations working in the society and in the world have several responsibilities towards the society and the environment. The business operations of an organization should not harm the interest and safety of the society and the balance of the ecosystem. This is a report which highlights the importance of an organization being responsible and ethical towards society and environment. In modern organizations the priority is given to the environmentally sustainable operations. The organizations small, medium as well as corporate believe that they are having some sort of responsibility to the environment. Some of the organizations have included this in their organizational culture and objectives (Wicks, Toohey, Keogh, Shearing, Fox, Chan and Anderson, 2013). The activities of an organization should not affect the environment adversely as it can become a threat in the future. Almost all organizations reduce the usage of plastic bags and containers so as to go green in its b usiness activities. This report discuss about the importance of an organization being environmentally sustainable. An organization as example and the environmental issues that it can cause and its impacts are discussed briefly in this report. Environmental programs which can be adopted by that organization are discussed (Epstein and Buhovac, 2014). The potential benefits and draw backs of the environmental program is discussed. Some of the recommendations are also provided at the end of the report so that the organization can became more environmental friendly. 1.2 Background ABC is an Accounting Firm which has around 45 staff members. This is a small firm and it is not causing much harm to the society and the ecosystem as it is not involved with any production and transportation activities. The impact which the organization can cause is its high consumption of the paper and its wastage. The resources like books, files, records, other resources etc for the purpose of documentation and data storage purposes. These resources cannot be maintained for a long period. Hence more papers are required for those data and new ones. This causes more wastage of paper. The managing partner suggests the recycling of the waste papers and other resources. She is not concerned about the cost which is incurred about the process. She wants her firm to be eco friendly. 1.3 Methodology The information regarding environmental issues and programs has been collected by referring through various books, attending seminars, internet websites etc. This information was very helpful in identifying the environmental issues that offices can cause and its impact towards the environment. Discussion of the environmental issues As far as an accounting firm is concerned its business operation doesnt involve any sort of production or manufacturing (Carroll and Buchholtz, 2014). Hence the pollution that it can cause to the water and air will be less when compared to other manufacturing organizations. The main environmental issues which the accounting firm can cause to the environment are the usage of paper. As far as an accounting firm is concerned it requires more papers for maintaining records and for other purposes. Paper is produced from trees (Babiak and Trendafilova, 2011). When the paper is consumed heavily it will result in cutting down more number of trees which can lead to deforestation. This can affect the balance of the ecosystem which can affect the environment adversely. An analysis can be conducted to identify how much paper is utilized in the organization for the purpose of maintaining records. This will help the management to identify how much the usage of paper is affecting the ecosystem (Benn, Dunphy and Griffiths, 2014). The government has also introduced new laws and regulations which restricts the usage of paper so as to protect trees. Even though the information is maintained as a hardcopy like print outs, manuals etc its life is limited. The papers cannot be retained for the life time. It might get ruined after a period of time. Then again the data should be restored in fresh papers and manuals. Hence again same quantity of paper should be produced for the same purpose. Here it is evident that the production of paper for serving a particular purpose is not a onetime process. This can affect the environment so badly (Golicic and Smith, 2013). Some other pollution it can cause is through the usage of the individual vehicles. The staffs of the accounting firm use their individual vehicles which can consume more fuel oils and also pollute air through its emission. The management can also take adequate measures to prevent this pollution even though it is of small quantity (Hall and Vredenburg, 2012). Environmental programs adopted The managing partner advises the administrative officer to make use of the recycling programs so as to reduce the wastage of papers and other resources (Maschler, Friedrich, Weyhe, Heegn and Rutz, 2012). The papers and manuals when it get ruined should be replaced with fresh books and papers. Likewise other resources like files, plastics, covers, waste papers etc should also be replaced when it gets ruined. When these wastes are deposited in the dust bin it can affect the environment. When plastics or torn plastic bags are deposited in the dustbin it will not get decompose and can harm the environment (Thomas, Barnhart, Eastwood, Nichols and Gahm, 2014). As per the recommendation of the managing partner she advises recycling process for the waste papers and other resources. Government has introduced various recycling processes which can be used in small as well as big organizations privately. The waste papers can be recycled and can be used again. Some organizations outsource the recycling process. There are firms which recycles the paper and plastics to for the organizations. They use eco-friendly and cost effective methods of recycling process. Through outsourcing the recycling process the firms need not have to concentrate much on it and they can deal with their own business operations without wasting time on it (Virtanen and Nilsson, 2013). Some of the organization so as to reduce the usage of plastic in the office they make use of bags and carriers which are made of paper and clothes. The bags which are made of clothes will be long lasting and the bags made of papers can be recycled. Plastics which when recycled also can emit some poisonous gases which can harm the environment (Allwood, Ashby, Gutowski and Worrell, 2011). Costing The government has introduced many cost effective recycling methods for recycling papers and plastics. Since our company being a small firm can opt for outsourcing the recycling process. I recommend this because we dont have much usage of this equipment if we buy it. The cost of electronic storage devices is also reliable and various brands are available in the market. Recommendations Some recommendation can be given to accounting firm so that it can adopt some cost effective methods and can reduce he wastage of paper and other resources. The most appropriate and cost effective method to avoid the usage of paper is the usage of digital documents. The accounting firm can save the data as a soft copy in CD or in some external or internal memory. These storage devices are long lasting and the information recorded will not get deleted too. This will not create any wastage and accessing information from these devices is also very easy. It can also some small recycling methods or can outsource the recycling process. The cost incurred will be equal to the cost incurred in buying new papers and other resources (Liao and Kannan, 2011). Conclusion Being environmentally sustainable is the responsibility of the organization whether it is big or small. Almost all organizations take necessary measures to reduce the negative impact that it can cause to the environment. This report explains the importance of an organization being environmentally sustainable. An accounting firm is taken into consideration and various environmental issues it generates and its impacts are discussed. Consumption of huge quantity of papers and its wastage is the main environmental issue. Some of the methods adopted by other firms to reduce wastage are recycling of paper and other resources, the usage of clothes and paper bags instead of plastic bags. It is recommended to use electronic devices to save the information to avoid using papers and to reduce recycling costs. References Allwood, J. M., Ashby, M. F., Gutowski, T. G and Worrell, E, 2011, Material efficiency: a white paper. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 55(3), 362-381. Babiak, K and Trendafilova, S, 2011, CSR and environmental responsibility: motives and pressures to adopt green management practices. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 18(1), 11-24. Benn, S., Dunphy, D and Griffiths, A, 2014, Organizational change for corporate sustainability, Routledge Carroll, A and Buchholtz, A, 2014, Business and society: Ethics, sustainability, and stakeholder management. Cengage Learning. Epstein, M. J and Buhovac, A. R, 2014, Making sustainability work: Best practices in managing and measuring corporate social, environmental, and economic impacts. Berrett-Koehler Publishers Golicic, S. L and Smith, C. D, 2013, A Metaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Analysis of Environmentally Sustainable Supply Chain Management Practices and Firm Performance. Journal of supply chain management, 49(2), 78-95. Georgi-Maschler, T., Friedrich, B., Weyhe, R., Heegn, H and Rutz, M, 2012, Development of a recycling process for Li-ion batteries, Journal of power sources, 207, 173-182 Hall, J and Vredenburg, H, 2012, The challenges of innovating for sustainable development. MIT Sloan Management Review, 45(1). Liao, C.,and Kannan, K, 2011, Widespread occurrence of bisphenol A in paper and paper products: implications for human exposure. Environmental science technology, 45(21), 9372-9379 Thomas, S. B., Barnhart, W. W., Eastwood, H. A., Nichols, C and Gahm, K. H, 2014, Development of a simple recycling process for evaporated organic solvent after preparative supercritical fluid chromatography using powdered activated charcoal. RSC Advances, 4(34), 17405-17412. Virtanen, Y and Nilsson, S, 2013, Environmental impacts of waste paper recycling. Routledge Wicks, A., Toohey, K., Keogh, T., Shearing, A., Fox, R., Chan, W and Anderson, B, 2013, Inter professional learning about environmentally sustainable allied health practice.

When the atomic bomb went off over Hiroshima on Au Essay Example For Students

When the atomic bomb went off over Hiroshima on Au Essay g. 6th,1945, 70,000 lives were ended in a flash. To the American people whowere weary from the long and brutal war, such a drastic measure seemeda necessary, even righteous way to end the madness that was World WarII. However, the madness had just begun. That August morning was theday that heralded the dawn of the nuclear age, and with it came morethan just the loss of lives. According to Archibald MacLeish, a U.S. poet, What happened at Hiroshima was not only that a scientificbreakthrough . . . had occurred and that a great part of thepopulation of a city had been burned to death, but that the problem ofthe relation of the triumphs of modern science to the human purposesof man had been explicitly defined. The entire globe was now to livewith the fear of total annihilation, the fear that drove the cold war,the fear that has forever changed world politics. The fear is real,more real today than ever, for the ease at which a nuclear bomb isachieved in this day and age sparks fear in the hearts of most peopleon this planet. According to General Douglas MacArthur, We have hadour last chance. If we do not devise some greater and more equitablesystem, Armageddon will be at our door. The decision to drop theatomic bomb on Japanese citizens in August, 1945, as a means tobring the long Pacific war to an end was justified-militarily,politically and morally. We will write a custom essay on When the atomic bomb went off over Hiroshima on Au specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The goal of waging war is victory with minimum losses on onesown side and, if possible, on the enemys side. No one disputes thefact that the Japanese military was prepared to fight to the last manto defend the home islands, and indeed had already demonstrated thisdetermination in previous Pacific island campaigns. A weaponoriginally developed to contain a Nazi atomic project was availablethat would spare Americans hundreds of thousands of causalities in aninvasion of Japan, and-not incidentally-save several times more thanthat among Japanese soldiers and civilians. The thousands who havedied in the atomic attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki were far lessthan would have died in an allied invasion, and their sudden deathsconvinced the Japanese military to surrender. Every nation has an interest in being at peace with othernations, but there has never been a time when the world was free ofthe scourge of war. Hence, peaceful nations must always have adequatemilitary force at their disposal in order to deter or defeat theaggressive designs of rogue nations. The United States was thereforeright in using whatever means were necessary to defeat the Japaneseempire in the war which the latter began, including the use ofsuperior or more powerful weaponry-not only to defeat Japan but toremain able following the war to maintain peace sufficiently toguarantee its own existence. A long, costly and bloody conflict is awasteful use of a nations resources when quicker, more decisive meansare available. Japan was not then-or later-the only nation America hadto restrain, and an all-out U.S. invasion of Japan would have riskedthe victory already gained in Europe in the face of the palpablethereat of Soviet domination. Finally, we can never forget the maxim of Edmund Burke: Theonly thing necessary for the triumph of evil is that good men donothing. The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor brought us into a warwhich we had vainly hoped to avoid. We could no longer do nothingbut were compelled to do something to roll back the Japanesemilitarists. Victims of aggression have every right both to end theaggression and to prevent the perpetrator of it from continuing orrenewing it. Our natural right of self defense as well as our moralduty to defeat tyranny justified our decision to wage the war and,ultimately, to drop the atomic bomb. We should expect politicalleaders to be guided by moral principles but this does not mean theymust subject millions of people to needless injury or death out of amisplaced concern for the safety of enemy soldiers or civilians. .uf2739a42fa8897ed7a3c508555ab08e9 , .uf2739a42fa8897ed7a3c508555ab08e9 .postImageUrl , .uf2739a42fa8897ed7a3c508555ab08e9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf2739a42fa8897ed7a3c508555ab08e9 , .uf2739a42fa8897ed7a3c508555ab08e9:hover , .uf2739a42fa8897ed7a3c508555ab08e9:visited , .uf2739a42fa8897ed7a3c508555ab08e9:active { border:0!important; } .uf2739a42fa8897ed7a3c508555ab08e9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf2739a42fa8897ed7a3c508555ab08e9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf2739a42fa8897ed7a3c508555ab08e9:active , .uf2739a42fa8897ed7a3c508555ab08e9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf2739a42fa8897ed7a3c508555ab08e9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf2739a42fa8897ed7a3c508555ab08e9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf2739a42fa8897ed7a3c508555ab08e9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf2739a42fa8897ed7a3c508555ab08e9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf2739a42fa8897ed7a3c508555ab08e9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf2739a42fa8897ed7a3c508555ab08e9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf2739a42fa8897ed7a3c508555ab08e9 .uf2739a42fa8897ed7a3c508555ab08e9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf2739a42fa8897ed7a3c508555ab08e9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: media violence EssayPresident Trumans decision to deploy atomic power in Japanrevealed a man who understood the moral issues at stake and who hadthe courage to strike a decisive blow that quickly brought to an endthe most destructive war in human history. Squeamishness is not amoral principle, but making the best decisions at the time, given thecircumstances, When the atomic bomb went off over Hiroshima on Au Essay Example For Students When the atomic bomb went off over Hiroshima on Au Essay g. 6th, 1945, 70,000 lives were ended in a flash. To the American people who were weary from the long and brutal war, such a drastic measure seemed a necessary, even righteous way to end the madness that was World War II. However, the madness had just begun. That August morning was the day that heralded the dawn of the nuclear age, and with it came more than just the loss of lives. We will write a custom essay on When the atomic bomb went off over Hiroshima on Au specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now According to Archibald MacLeish, a U.S. poet, What happened at Hiroshima was not only that a scientific breakthrough . . . had occurred and that a great part of the population of a city had been burned to death, but that the problem of the relation of the triumphs of modern science to the human purposes of man had been explicitly defined. The entire globe was now to live with the fear of total annihilation, the fear that drove the cold war, the fear that has forever changed world politics. The fear is real, more real today than ever, for the ease at which a nuclear bomb is achieved in this day and age sparks fear in the hearts of most people on this planet. According to General Douglas MacArthur, We have had our last chance. If we do not devise some greater and more equitable system, Armageddon will be at our door. The decision to drop the atomic bomb on Japanese citizens in August, 1945, as a means to bring the long Pacific war to an end was justified-militarily, politically and morally. The goal of waging war is victory with minimum losses on ones own side and, if possible, on the enemys side. No one disputes the fact that the Japanese military was prepared to fight to the last man to defend the home islands, and indeed had already demonstrated this determination in previous Pacific island campaigns. A weapon originally developed to contain a Nazi atomic project was available that would spare Americans hundreds of thousands of causalities in an invasion of Japan, and-not incidentally-save several times more than that among Japanese soldiers and civilians. The thousands who have died in the atomic attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki were far less than would have died in an allied invasion, and their sudden deaths convinced the Japanese military to surrender. Every nation has an interest in being at peace with other nations, but there has never been a time when the world was free of the scourge of war. Hence, peaceful nations must always have adequate military force at their disposal in order to deter or defeat the aggressive designs of rogue nations. The United States was therefore right in using whatever means were necessary to defeat the Japanese empire in the war which the latter began, including the use of superior or more powerful weaponry-not only to defeat Japan but to remain able following the war to maintain peace sufficiently to guarantee its own existence. A long, costly and bloody conflict is a wasteful use of a nations resources when quicker, more decisive means are available. Japan was not then-or later-the only nation America had to restrain, and an all-out U.S. invasion of Japan would have risked the victory already gained in Europe in the face of the palpable thereat of Soviet domination. Finally, we can never forget the maxim of Edmund Burke: The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is that good men do nothing. The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor brought us into a war which we had vainly hoped to avoid. We could no longer do nothing but were compelled to do something to roll back the Japanese militarists. Victims of aggression have every right both to end the aggression and to prevent the perpetrator of it from continuing or renewing it. Our natural right of self defense as well as our moral duty to defeat tyranny justified our decision to wage the war and, ultimately, to drop the atomic bomb. We should expect political leaders to be guided by moral principles but this does not mean they must subject millions of people to needless injury or death out of a misplaced concern for the safety of enemy soldiers or civilians. .u6031b0e39b72c7b9aa608541e939aa39 , .u6031b0e39b72c7b9aa608541e939aa39 .postImageUrl , .u6031b0e39b72c7b9aa608541e939aa39 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6031b0e39b72c7b9aa608541e939aa39 , .u6031b0e39b72c7b9aa608541e939aa39:hover , .u6031b0e39b72c7b9aa608541e939aa39:visited , .u6031b0e39b72c7b9aa608541e939aa39:active { border:0!important; } .u6031b0e39b72c7b9aa608541e939aa39 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6031b0e39b72c7b9aa608541e939aa39 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6031b0e39b72c7b9aa608541e939aa39:active , .u6031b0e39b72c7b9aa608541e939aa39:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6031b0e39b72c7b9aa608541e939aa39 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6031b0e39b72c7b9aa608541e939aa39 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6031b0e39b72c7b9aa608541e939aa39 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6031b0e39b72c7b9aa608541e939aa39 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6031b0e39b72c7b9aa608541e939aa39:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6031b0e39b72c7b9aa608541e939aa39 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6031b0e39b72c7b9aa608541e939aa39 .u6031b0e39b72c7b9aa608541e939aa39-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6031b0e39b72c7b9aa608541e939aa39:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hate Crimes EssayPresident Trumans decision to deploy atomic power in Japan revealed a man who understood the moral issues at stake and who had the courage to strike a decisive blow that quickly brought to an end the most destructive war in human history. Squeamishness is not a moral principle, but making the best decisions at the time, given the circumstances, .

Nation Building essays

Nation Building essays Between 1400 and 1800 most of the states of Western Europe were heavily influenced by an economic policy known as mercantilism. No general definition of mercantilism is entirely satisfactory, but for the purposes of this paper it is thought of as a collection of policies designed to keep the state prosperous by economic regulation. Secondly, it was a series of economic controls intended to strengthen the military and colonies of a country, against other antagonistic empires. These two principles of mercantilism are interconnected, and they give an accurate view of the common attitude that shaped this time period. This concept has been coined as nation building. Before this time period commerce was literally viewed as a sin. There was no moral/ethical allowance for merchants to make any profit from trade. This was reflected by the Churchs control over economic dealings. But the decline of the medieval feudal economy gave rise to nation-states, bringing forth a revolution in commercial activity. This revolution sparked new thinking in wealth accumulation. Instead of viewing money as a mortal sin, it was now seen as the main source of a nations wealth. No longer was the market viewed as an entity in its own right, independent of the state, but viewed as a political institution designed to serve the national interest. (Duchesne pp. 7) With the rise of the nation-state, there was awareness that the central government could become more powerful if they could accumulate more wealth through trade. The driving force behind virtually all trade was the merchant. Merchants slowly adopted a doctrine called the balance of trade theory, which says that the source of wealth comes from selling more than one bought, especially in regards to other nations. Therefore, international trade was passionately pursued, to enhance the accumulation of wealth. As the economist Thomas Mun suggested, th...

A Genetics Definition of Homologous Chromosomes

A Genetics Definition of Homologous Chromosomes Homologous chromosomes are chromosome pairs (one from each parent) that are similar in length, gene position, and centromere location. The position of the genes on each homologous chromosome is the same. However, the genes may contain different alleles. Chromosomes are important molecules, as they contain DNA and the genetic instructions for the direction of all cell activity. They also carry genes that determine individual traits. Homologous Chromosomes Example A human karyotype shows the complete set of human chromosomes. Human cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46. Each chromosome pair represents a set of homologous chromosomes. One chromosome in each pair is donated from the mother and the other from the father during sexual reproduction. In a karyotype, there are 22 pairs of autosomes (non-sex chromosomes) and one pair of sex chromosomes. In males, the X and Y sex chromosomes are homologs. In females, both X chromosomes are homologs. Mitosis The purpose of mitosis (nuclear division) and cell division is to replicate cells for repair and growth. Before mitosis begins, chromosomes must be replicated to ensure that each cell retains the correct number of chromosomes after cell division. Homologous chromosomes replicate forming sister chromatids (identical copies of a replicated chromosome that are attached). After replication, the single-stranded DNA becomes double-stranded and has the familiar X shape. As the cell progresses through the stages of mitosis, sister chromatids are eventually separated by spindle fibers and divided between two daughter cells. Each separated chromatid is considered a full single-stranded chromosome. Interphase: Homologous chromosomes replicate forming sister chromatidsProphase: Sister chromatids move toward the center of the cellMetaphase: Sister chromatids align along the metaphase plate at the cells centerAnaphase: Sister chromatids are separated and pulled toward opposite cell polesTelophase: Chromosomes are separated into distinct nuclei After the cytoplasm is divided during cytokinesis, two new daughter cells are formed with the same number of chromosomes in each cell. Mitosis preserves the homologous chromosome number. Meiosis Meiosis is the mechanism for gamete formation and involves a two-stage division process. Prior to meiosis, homologous chromosomes replicate forming sister chromatids. In prophase I, sister chromatids pair up forming what is called a tetrad. While in close proximity, homologous chromosomes sometimes exchange sections of DNA. This is known as genetic recombination. Homologous chromosomes separate during the first meiotic division and sister chromatids separate during the second division. At the end of meiosis, four daughter cells are produced. Each cell is haploid and contains half the number of chromosomes as the original cell. Each chromosome has the appropriate number of genes, however, the alleles for the genes are different. The swapping of genes during homologous chromosome recombination produces genetic variation in organisms that reproduce sexually. Upon fertilization, haploid gametes become a diploid organism. Nondisjunction and Mutations Occasionally, problems arise in cell division that cause cells to divide improperly. Failure of chromosomes to separate correctly in mitosis or meiosis is called nondisjunction. Should nondisjunction occur in the first meiotic division, homologous chromosomes remain paired. This results in two daughter cells with an extra set of chromosomes and two daughter cells with no chromosomes. Nondisjunction may also occur in meiosis II when sister chromatids fail to separate prior to cell division. Fertilization of these gametes produces individuals with either too many or not enough chromosomes. Nondisjunction is often fatal or may produce chromosomal anomalies resulting in birth defects. In trisomy nondisjunction, cells contain an extra chromosome. In humans, this means that there are 47 total chromosomes instead of 46. Trisomy is seen in Down syndrome where chromosome 21 has an additional or partial chromosome. Nondisjunction may also produce abnormalities in sex chromosomes. Monosomy is a type of nondisjunction in which only one chromosome is present. Females with Turner syndrome have only one X sex chromosome. Males with XYY syndrome have an extra Y sex chromosome. Nondisjunction in sex chromosomes typically has less severe consequences than nondisjunction in autosomal chromosomes (non-sex chromosomes). Chromosome mutations can impact both homologous chromosomes and non-homologous chromosomes. A translocation mutation is a type of mutation in which a piece of one chromosome breaks off and is joined to another chromosome. This type of mutation occurs more often between non-homologous chromosomes and can be reciprocal (gene exchange between two chromosomes) or non-reciprocal (only one chromosome receives a new gene segment).

Social Work Mental Health Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Social Work Mental Health - Literature review Example Social workers themselves can, in turn, influence people to raise their own levels of self confidence through the positive work that they do, as well as the quality services that they provide (Gray & Schubert 2010). The degree of expertise that a social worker has, and the skill sets that they come into the position with, largely depends on the quality of the training that they have received. With this in mind, it can be said that social workers need to be trained to take it upon themselves to improve their own effectiveness in work with individuals that have a mental illness, all in an effort to perform the various job functions assigned to them with excellence. To accomplish this objective will require possessing the ability to manage a complex discipline, in addition to the challenging situations that arise on a daily basis, in order to provide maximum benefit to both the individual and to society as a whole. The focus of the following literature review is to provide the reader wi th a cursory overview of the function that social workers play within the treatment of mentally ill individuals, as well as a critical analysis of two health models that more effectively cover this topic in depth (Bogg 2014). Recent trends indicate that social workers can literally transform the lives of people that have a mental health condition. This demonstrates their significance in modern society (Allen 2014). This is accomplished through their ability to improve the quality of services provided to people that have a mental illness and through the dedication exhibited by social workers, as they are the very professionals trained and this field and possess the capability to truly make a difference in this discipline. It should be mentioned, as well, that the field of mental health is a ripe area for the practice of social work, and within this context such individuals are well positioned to impact society in a positive manner. Social workers do provide

Vector GIS Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Vector GIS Project - Essay Example Purchasers may be individuals or businesses. In commerce, a retailer buys goods or products in large quantities from manufacturers or importers, either directly or through a wholesaler, and then sells smaller quantities to the end-user. Retail establishments are often called shops or stores. Retailers are at the end of the supply chain. Manufacturing marketers see the process of retailing as a necessary part of their overall distribution strategy. Shops may be on residential streets, or in shopping streets with few or no houses, or in a shopping center or mall, but mostly found in the central business district. Shopping streets may or may not be for pedestrians only. Sometimes a shopping street has a partial or full roof to protect customers from precipitation. Retailers often provided boardwalks in front of their stores to protect customers from the mud. Online retailing, also known as e-commerce is the latest form of non-shop retailing (cf. mail order). Shopping generally refers to the act of buying products. Sometimes this is done to obtain necessities such as food and clothing; sometimes it is done as a recreational activity. Recreational shopping often involves window shopping (just looking, not buying) and browsing and does not always result in a purchase. The superstore was designed to serve the community exclusively and accompany a website and catalog. Customers are sure to find thigh quality, brand-named dancewear discounted up to 30 percent. The superstore will offer wonderful customer service, Other features include computer kiosks where shoppers can browse the website, place orders, or post reviews and ratings for their favorite products. Working geographically reveals relationships among the forces that drive your organization. It helps you see patterns you could not see before, gain new insights, and make

The Cold War of the Middle East Essay Example for Free

The Cold War of the Middle East Essay Nuclear weapons: these are tools capable of massive destruction and death. If the wrong people obtain such weaponry, it could lead to catastrophic consequences worldwide. As of right now, Iran is developing weapons grade uranium. The Prime Minister of Israel, Benjamin Netanyahu, gave a speech to the United Nations in which he presented the progress of Iran’s uranium enrichment program to the General Assembly. Netanyahu was quoted in the Weekly Standard saying, â€Å"Wheres Iran? Irans completed the first stage. It took them many years, but they completed it and theyre 70% of the way there; it is only a few months, possibly a few weeks before they get enough enriched uranium for the first bomb. † Iran’s development of nuclear weaponry is a threat to Israel and therefore the United States. Israel must take all precautionary measures to prevent Iran from finishing its nuclear program and this includes military action. If something were not done to prevent Iran from developing nuclear weapons, then the US would be pulled into a gruesome war with nuclear weapons. Currently, Israel is the only country in the Middle East to have nuclear weapons. However, this could all change by 2013. Iran has been enriching uranium and is seventy percent of the way to making a nuclear missile capable of destroying Israel. Iran’s current leader, President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, has been previously been quoted in the Jerusalem Post saying that Israel has no place in the â€Å"Holy Land† and that Israel is a â€Å"fake regime† that â€Å"must be wiped off the map†. If Iran obtains enough enriched uranium, Ahmadinejad’s statement may become a gruesome reality. Now one may wonder where the USA plays a part in this standoff in the Middle East. When Israel was created by Britain in 1948, its first ally was the US, and since then, their relationship has tremendously strengthened. Now, Israel is more than an ally to the US; it is a true friend. If Israel were to take military action, it would most definitely get backing from the USA. Now one might argue that the that attacking Iran enables too many risks. Casualties would be high, Iran is a very formidable opponent and also, sanctions against Iran are in place, and all the US and have to do is be Patient However, Israel has already fought multiple wars against numerous countries in the Middle East, and it has one of the strongest militaries in the world. The country with the strongest military in the world happens to be Israel’s long time ally; the US. Thus the US and Israel combined would be more than capable to fight against Iran. If something is not done beforehand to stop Iran’s nuclear program, the consequences will be cataclysmic. Also, even though the sanctions have crippled Iran’s economy, according to the BBC, these have not even delayed Iran’s nuclear program. The global community has drawn a clear red line for Iran, and Iran is inches from crossing that red line. Action must be taken to stop Iran in its tracks. The consequences of not acting far outweigh the risk of war.

Change Management Plan :: Business Management Analysis

Change Management Plan Change is essential to today's business environment. If a company is to survive and succeed on a macro level, they should analyze and adopt the best overall plan for change on an enterprise level. When examining the best way to make changes in a company that will globally affect the company, it is usually best to look at the total picture before acting, lest the plan fail. This paper will briefly summarize four key areas that leaders and managers must understand in order to successfully make a change, or in the case of our model company CrysTel, manage change dynamically throughout the life of the company. In order to understand completely the change it wants to make, the company must understand the implications of the change and the human variables of change implementation. The company should also strive to understand how to monitor the progress of the change, and how to ensure the continued success of the change. The following paragraphs are an explanation of what CrysTel is, why i t needs to change, and how these four key areas can be manipulated to help it succeed in its dynamic need for change in the ever-changing environment it lives in. Implications of Organizational Change CrysTel is a telecommunications company that exists in a very dynamic environment, and it has the need for all aspects of itself to be dynamic and able to change relatively quickly. The upper management recently realized that CrysTel has the need to bring more products and services into its portfolio. That means that everybody who works for the company needs to be good at analyzing the best way to change, implementing a change, and sustaining the change. It also means that CrysTel employees need to change with the organization. In order for all of the employees to be good at the constant change that will be happening and be as dynamic as they need to be, they have to have good and dynamic leaders and managers to aid in the effort. Without the support from above, the employees will probably lose focus and the desire to see the company succeed (Miller et al, 2004). If the company does not prepare well, it might experience a high turnover rate as well. A study conducted by Lester Coch a nd John R.P. French showed that if a group of workers was not prepared for a change properly, that group exhibited a high turnover rate (Krietner & Kinicki, 2003).

Only ten sort story annotation Essay

The author of the short story Only Ten hooks the reader in on the first couple sentences because of the mystery of The Shah and the way he describes him. He starts off the story with showing how difficult it can be for refugees to adapt and fit in in another country. As it shows in the orientation it is not uncommon for these people to have a hard time fitting in and opening up in the new place. This can happen to any person not just a refugee but it can be especially hard for them because of them being different. The author shows this by describing The Shah in a certain way that we use what we know of immigrants and apply it to him. Because of refugees being different they could be picked on and even attacked. The author uses similes such as â€Å"Bruce leaped at The Shah with a wild yell, swinging his ruler above his head as if it was a sword† to show violence. Later on it shows that not all countries are as fortunate as us in the way that The Shah was overjoyed that something was actually growing which is an example of the author using vocabulary. The author uses a technique called a metaphor to keep the readers interested. An example of this is when The Shah was playing footy he suddenly curled up like a ball to protect himself thinking that the ball was something other than a ball. Most probably being a bomb. Showing that he has been around bombs before when they go off or seen the devastation of the aftermath of the bomb. The author of the short story Only Ten is very creative in ways of saying what he wants to say. He leaves vague hints and little bit of evidence that throughout the story the reader has to piece together. Then the author offers a big bit of info at the end to provide a means to fully understand to hints and evidence scattered throughout the text. The title is a good choice as it refers to The Shah’s life as he had to become a child soldier and fight, get hurt and even kill people. The title refers to the fact that he is only ten. The setting is well chosen as it does actually happen a lot in real life and it is set up so throughout the story it is easy to give bits of evidence away. The main complication in the story is that The Shah is hesitant to reveal any information the author uses many techniques to show this one way is a series of short sentences to build suspense, foreshadowing and a few other techniques. In my life I have met many people that come from other countries to live in Australia although none of them are refugees they still face some of the same problems that refugees face such as bullying and not being able to fit in well. Most of these problems were overcome by the victims just being so friendly that people found it hard to pick on them and still keep their reputation. The story is well written and very creative it hooks the reader in the first few sentences through the use of mystery. The story then goes on to build on that mystery and add suspense and tension throughout the story. The author writes in a way that a reader can connect to the text on some level and even understand what the fictional characters are going through. Throughout the story he drops bits of evidence to keep the reader interested then right at the end drops the information that the readers have been trying to figure out leading to a very satisfying read.

Media Representation in Lgbt

Media and its representation of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transsexual (LGBT) themes has been prevalent throughout time. According to the collections of studies and stories by Meem, Mitchell and Jonathan (2010) concerning LGBT individuals, it is important to represent such themes because it is able to enlighten people on how our society as a whole, has become dynamic. The Media can be seen as a â€Å"central source† where negative perceptions can be created. As a result, stereotypes can be either created or perpetuated about this group, negative or otherwise. Media as a medium, therefore, is an extremely powerful tool in our society, and can be used to change or create people's perceptions about this particular segment of our world (LGBT). Stereotyping people can be harmful and have long lasting effects on us as a society, â€Å"It can transform slight assumptions on people and make them perceived realities† (Meem, Mitchell; Jonathan 2010). Such stereotypes are capable of perpetuating inequality and social prejudice in society. However, it is imperative to note that stereotyping through the media is sometimes inevitable. In the case of television, stereotyping occurs through advertisements, news bulletins and entertainment. For films, stereotyping has been used as a form of marketing. The stereotypical codes give television and film audiences a common and quick way of understanding a particular person. In most cases, stereotypical codes focus on ethnicity, social roles, sexual orientation, occupation, race and gender. Most often, the groups being stereotyped may not defend themselves. They are usually the minority and raising their voices may make little or no impact. However, there are some measures, which have been instituted to help reduce stereotyping. For instance, media campaign against this vice has become useful in reducing stereotypes in society. However, the vice is still rampant in some sections of the media. â€Å"There are those who have a common tendency of thinking that the way people think and can be uniform across the globe† (Carroll, 2009). This is not true people are diverse and their mindsets also vary. This is mostly applicable in homosexuality whereby gays and lesbians are viewed to be outside the mainstream or dominant culture. With the emergence of gothic culture, it is probable to categorize them as being weird or abnormal. The dominant culture in this case refers to marriage and love relationships between people of different gender. Same sex marriages and behavioral patterns are prevalent in virtually all cultures. As Carroll (2009) documents, â€Å"same sex behavior is found in every culture, and its prevalence remains about the same† (p. 290). The media is a viable source of information in society such that televisions and films are very influential due to both sound and visual effect. These two mediums of communication are crucial in symbolic annihilations of lesbians and gays. According to Vollmer (2003), films and TVs tend to avoid integrating gays and lesbians in their programs for fear of offending advertisers, target audiences as well as investors. This kind of portrayal is not desirable because it denies them their human rights. The fact that they belong to a new generation culture does not mean that they should not enjoy their rights. With their visual effects, the two mediums of communication cultivate a perception that homosexuals are bad elements in society. They should not be given a chance to be heard if they have views to express. Due to fear of loosing audience and revenues, these two mediums of communication edit their programs to extent that audiences place homosexuals under the category of abhorred people. This has extended even in the ways they are covered in television news. â€Å"The issue of sexual orientation has been used as an indicator of villainy and deviance in children’s movies† (Vollmer, 2003). If children were to be shown movies that portray homosexuals as bad characters in society, then, they would grow up hating them. A negative perception is cultivated in such children. Such kinds of stereotypes can instigate violence in society. For example, a gay male may not be welcomed in a party due to his sexual orientation. It is only a question of ethics. Homosexuals are also put as either victims or villains in movies. They are depicted as belonging to a weird or foreign culture that cannot be tolerated. It is rare to have a movie that has the main character being gay or lesbian. If a girl begins to demonstrate some signs of male characteristics, she is referred to as a ‘tom-boy’. It is like a taboo to show such kinds of signs in a girl. On the other hand, if a male does not have masculine features, he is seen as an outcast. All of these perceptions are obtained from the media, and especially televisions and movies. According to Mehta and Hay (2005), media houses have for a long time helped to construct and reinforce stereotypical ideas about masculinity and men. From what is portrayed in the media, it is possible for people to dismiss others on the basis of whether they have masculinity or are feminine (Ferrey, 2008). Televisions and movies through their visual effects help define ‘a real man’. During advertisements, there are some particular aspects of man that are portrayed. A man who fails to have certain forms of male features may not be shown on TV or may not be considered for a film (Cohen ; Hall, 2009). Moreover, the marketing companies have started to objectifying men in the same manner women have been objectified. The fitness of a man, his muscles and general outlook count a lot in determining whether he is to feature in a program or not. Men are so used to this behavior, they do not see the need to object. Therefore, the media will never stop giving what one considers ‘good or real’ men airplay. Forming a type of segregation. A research study titled, Attitudes toward stereotypical versus counter-stereotypical gay men and lesbians indicates that six hundred and sixty two confessed gays, lesbians and bisexuals had contended with victimization in the society (Cohen ; Hall, 2009). Of those, 20% reported to have been attacked or abused because of their sexual orientation. In the year 2005, Federal Bureau had reported 1,171 of hate crime offenses took place because of homosexual orientation. This is the kind of segregation that has existed in the society for centuries. The major problem is because media and mostly electronic media show homosexuals as people who have undertaken ‘abnormal’ directions of life. They are not part of the mainstream culture. The only solution is for governments to create institutions that can help people understand that everybody should enjoy unlimited human rights. Forums can also help eradicated the notions cultivated by the media, about gays and lesbians and institute a culture of tolerance. In summary, no particular person should be segregated or discriminated on the basis of their sexuality. However, gender pre-judgments are still present in all media, the best remedy to help integrate all people no matter their sexuality, is to spend resources on education. Young people need to be taught tolerance and understanding in order to accept all kinds of people, regardless of their sexual orientation and direction. References Carroll, J. L. (2009). Sexuality now: embracing diversity. Belmont: CengageBrain Learning. Cohen, T. R. ; Hall, D. L. (2009). Attitudes toward stereotypical versus counter-stereotypical gay men and lesbians. Retrieved on 17th November 2011 from http://findarticles. om/p/articles/mi_m2372/is_4_46/ai_n35656044/ Ferrey, P. A. (2008). Gender Stereotypes persist. Retrieved on 17th November 2011 from http://www. nytimes. com/inc_com/inc1211198677212. html Meem, D. T. , Michelle A. G. , ; Jonathan A. (2010). Finding Out: An Introduction to LGBT Studies. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Mehta, V. P. ; Hay, K. (2005). A superhero for gays? Gay masculinity and green lantern . The Journal of American Culture, 28(4), 390-404. Vollmer, M. L. (2003). Gender transgression and villainy in animated film. Taylor ; Francis Journal, 1(2), 89-109.

Drama Coursework Help

Drama Coursework Help Drama Coursework Help Drama Coursework Help: Make Your Work Creative If you are an often visitor of Literature class, dramatic essay or dramatic coursework are the assignments that are going to become your close friends during the process of study, as with the help of dramatic essay it is very simple to check the level of knowledge of a student he or she has received during attending classes. As drama is considered to be an art, sometimes it is rather difficult to understand the message an author is trying to transfer to the readers, especially, if the student does not have any experience in drama coursework writing. That is why the majority of people often find themselves in need of drama coursework help. Professional Coursework Help Is Right Here! If you are looking for drama coursework help, you can find your own drama coursework help within servicing of our custom writing, and at this point, you may be sure that drama coursework help you are going to get will be of the highest level of professionalism and the dramatic essay you are going to receive will be worth of the highest grade. However, apart from visiting our custom writing service you can also receive drama coursework help with the help of this very article. Here you are going to get a professional drama coursework help on the subject of how to make your drama coursework or dramatic essay be creative and interesting. Make use of unusual piece of writing in your dramatic essay, if the play you are dealing with is mysterious one you will fail to write dull dramatic essay. When you read interesting and creative piece of drama, it inspires you to write about it in the same interesting and creative way. Play with the characters while writing your essay; pretend to have an interview with them and write what they could answer, place them in some extraordinary environment, make them to exchange their roles. Such techniques always help in dramatic essay writing. Pay special attention to this very advice offered by our drama coursework help and you are certain to write a creative piece. If your professor does not insist that your dramatic essay should be written according to all the requirements from it and understands that your dramatic essay is a piece of art itself, which can not be measured by any frames, give a special design to your essay by placing the images of characters on the pages of your dramatic essay: If You Need Help with Coursework Contact Us Without Hesitation! We hope that you will find our drama coursework help to be useful. Good luck with your writing. Read also: Sport Research Paper Research Proposal Guidelines Research Paper Topics Research Paper Ideas How to Write a Research Paper

Photoelectric Effect Definition and Explanation

Photoelectric Effect Definition and Explanation The photoelectric effect occurs when matter emits electrons upon exposure to electromagnetic radiation, such as photons of light. Heres a closer look at what the photoelectric effect is and how it works. Overview of the Photoelectric Effect The photoelectric effect is studied in part because it can be an introduction to wave-particle duality and quantum mechanics. When a surface is exposed to sufficiently energetic electromagnetic energy, light will be absorbed and electrons will be emitted. The threshold frequency is different for different materials. It is visible light for alkali metals, near-ultraviolet light for other metals, and extreme-ultraviolet radiation for nonmetals. The photoelectric effect occurs with photons having energies from a few electronvolts to over 1 MeV. At the high photon energies comparable to the electron rest energy of 511 keV, Compton scattering may occur pair production may take place at energies over 1.022 MeV. Einstein proposed that light consisted of quanta, which we call photons. He suggested that the energy in each quantum of light was equal to the frequency multiplied by a constant (Plancks constant) and that a photon with a frequency over a certain threshold would have sufficient energy to eject a single electron, producing the photoelectric effect. It turns out that light does not need to be quantized in order to explain the photoelectric effect, but some textbooks persist in saying that the photoelectric effect demonstrates the particle nature of light. Einsteins Equations for the Photoelectric Effect Einsteins interpretation of the photoelectric effect results in equations which are valid for visible and ultraviolet light: energy of photon energy needed to remove an electron kinetic energy of the emitted electron hÃŽ ½ W E whereh is Plancks constantÃŽ ½ is the frequency of the incident photonW is the work function, which is the minimum energy required to remove an electron from the surface of a given metal: hÃŽ ½0E is the maximum kinetic energy of ejected electrons: 1/2 mv2ÃŽ ½0 is the threshold frequency for the photoelectric effectm is the rest mass of the ejected electronv is the speed of the ejected electron No electron will be emitted if the incident photons energy is less than the work function. Applying Einsteins special theory of relativity, the relationship between energy (E) and momentum (p) of a particle is E [(pc)2 (mc2)2](1/2) where m is the rest mass of the particle and c is the velocity of light in a vacuum. Key Features of the Photoelectric Effect The rate at which photoelectrons are ejected is directly proportional to the intensity of the incident light, for a given frequency of incident radiation and metal.The time between the incidence and emission of a photoelectron is very small, less than 10–9 second.For a given metal, there is a minimum frequency of incident radiation below which the photoelectric effect will not occur so no photoelectrons can be emitted (threshold frequency).Above the threshold frequency, the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted photoelectron depends on the frequency of the incident radiation but is independent of its intensity.If the incident light is linearly polarized then the directional distribution of emitted electrons will peak in the direction of polarization (the direction of the electric field). Comparing the Photoelectric Effect With Other Interactions When light and matter interact, several processes are possible, depending on the energy of incident radiation. The photoelectric effect results from low energy light. Mid-energy can produce Thomson scattering and Compton scattering. High energy light can cause pair production.

U10a2 Life Cycle of the Stars Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

U10a2 Life Cycle of the Stars Paper - Essay Example Astronomers can determine the mass, age, chemical composition and many other properties of a star by observing its spectrum, luminosity and motion through space. The total mass of a star is the principal determinant in its evolution and eventual fate. Other characteristics of a star are determined by its evolutionary history, including diameter, rotation, movement and temperature. A plot of the temperature of many stars against their luminosities, known as a Hertzprung-Russell diagrams (H–R diagram), allows the age and evolutionary state of a star to be determined. Stellar evolution is the process by which a star undergoes a sequence of radical changes during its lifetime. Depending on the mass of the star, this lifetime ranges from only a few million years (for the most massive) to trillions of years (for the least massive, which is considerably more than the age of the universe). Stellar evolution is not studied by observing the life of a single star, as most stellar changes occur too slowly to be detected, even over many centuries. Instead, astrophysicists come to understand how stars evolve by observing numerous stars at the various points in their life, and by simulating stellar structure with computer models. Stellar Evolution: A nebula is a cloud of gas (hydrogen) and dust in space. Nebulae are the birthplaces of stars. There are different types of nebula. An Emission Nebula which glows brightly because the gas in it is energized by the stars that have already formed within it. In a Reflection Nebula, starlight reflects on the grains of dust in a nebula. The nebula surrounding the Pleiades Cluster is typical of a reflection nebula. Dark Nebula also exists. These are dense clouds of molecular hydrogen which partially or completely absorb the light from stars behind them. 1st stage of a stars life: PROTOSTAR Stellar evolution begins with the gravitational collapse of a giant molecular cloud (GMC). As it collapses, a GMC breaks into smaller and small er pieces. In each of these fragments, the collapsing gas releases gravitational potential energy as heat. As its temperature and pressure increase, a fragment condenses into a rotating sphere of superhot gas known as a prostar. Protostars with masses less than roughly 0.08Â  M (1.6?1029 kg) never reach temperatures high enough for nuclear fusion of hydrogen to begin. These are known as brown dwarfs. For a more massive prostar, the core temperature will eventually reach 10 million kelvins, initiating the proton-proton chain reaction and allowing hydrogen to fuse, first to deuterium and then to helium. The onset of nuclear fusion leads relatively quickly to a hydrostatic equilibrium in which energy released by the core exerts a "radiation pressure" balancing the weight of the star's matter, preventing further gravitational collapse. The star thus evolves rapidly to a stable state, beginning the main sequence phase of its evolution. A new star will fall at a specific point on the mai n sequence of the Hertzprung-Russell diagrams, with the main sequence spectral type depending upon the mass of the star. Small, relatively cold, low mass red dwarfs burn hydrogen slowly and will remain on the main sequence for hundreds of billions of years, while massive, hot super giants will leave the main sequence after just a few million years. A mid-sized star like the Sun will remain on the main sequence for about 10 billion years. . A star of less than about 0.5 solar mass will

Write an essay on a cultural issue as related to humanistic

Write an on a cultural issue as related to humanistic psychotherapy - - Essay Example the eighteen century had a dramatic transformation when the age of the industrial revolution started the latter did not just revolutionize the way we worked but most profoundly changed the structure of our societies and values where capitalism became the new god and the science replaced the religious beliefs that for a long time have been playing a supporting role for the people in need during difficult times.  Humanistic therapists emerged in the USA in the 1950s such as Maslow Abraham and Rogers Carl. These therapists formulated different humanistic theories and procedures for effective psychotherapy. Rogers delivered a speech in 1940 at the University of Minnesota about new concepts of psychotherapy that became the origin of humanistic psychotherapies. The American Psychological association (APA) launched the first journal on humanistic psychology in 1973. It is a professional organization representing psychology and consists of researchers, educators, physicians, consultants, a nd students. Culture may be defined as patterns of norms derived from traditions that influence personal behavior. These norms may include values, beliefs, customs, thoughts, and institutions such as religious, racial, ethnic and social groups. Cultural beliefs are passed from older generations to younger generations within a given society. Interaction with different cultures causes behavioral and psychological changes within an individual. Individuals migrating from one society to another have difficulty when adapting to the culture of the new society (Lago, 2006). Culture is not static, and interaction with other cultures may cause culture change. On the other hand, ethnicity can be defined as the sense of belonging to a group alienated to a particular society. Ethnicity is caused by social pressure and can only be resolved through psychological interventions. Race refers to the physical appearance of individuals as determined by the genetic composition. Humanistic therapy involves

Islamic contracts and hedge technique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Islamic contracts and hedge technique - Essay Example The different aspects of the Islamic hedging techniques have been researched and analysed in this paper. Contents Contents 3 Introduction 4 Discussion 4 Background of Islamic Finance 4 Types of Contracts 6 Hedging Instruments of Islamic Finance 7 Profit Rate Swap 8 Foreign exchange Risk Hedging 9 Conclusion 10 11 References 12 Introduction Islamic Finance has been based on the principles of the Quran or more categorically on the principles of Sharia. According to the principles of Islamic Finance the acceptance and payment of interest is unfair. Thus Islamic Finance is devoid of any payment or receipt of interest in case of any business transaction. This kind of financing technique is adopted for the achievement of the goals which are specific to the Islamic economy. The sharing of the profit and loss is the main principle of the Islamic Sharia. According to the Sharia this measure would bring equity as well as justice in the economy. Hence the alternative names for the banks running on the principles of Islamic Finance are PLS bank. In the financial system there are various types of risks that persist which may result in a huge amount of loss. The hedging techniques are adopted in a financial market in order to cover a particular position of exposure which is generally in relation to a particular financial activity by taking a position that is opposite of what the risky situation is. Most of the banks take such hedging techniques in order to cover the exposures that arise out of the mismatches in the asset and liability of the books of accounts. These kinds of hedging techniques are also prevalent in the context of Islamic Finance. This essay looks into the various risk management measures that are being undertaken in order to provide a solution for the risk exposures and the types of instruments that are being implemented for the purpose. Discussion Background of Islamic Finance The main objectives of Islamic Finance are to promote the principles of Sharia in the ways in which business activities are being conducted. This is done with the objective of promoting growth and prosperity in the economy in a fair way. These financial services would conform to the principles of Sharia and would ensure that the distribution of income in the economy would be equitable and there would be optimal allocation of the resources in the economy in a justified manner. As opposed to the conventional modes of financing which considers interest as the opportunity cost of money, Islamic finance considers the existence of interest as an unjust practice. According to the principles of Islam, loans are provided by one party to the other to meet any kind of contingent situation that may arise. A lender should thus help the borrower to get the loan rather than taking undue advantage of it. Therefore there should be a relation of cooperation between the lender and the borrower. There is no relation of debtor and creditor as in case of commercial banking that is pr actice according to the general convention. The principles of Sharia state that there is simply no return that the people can actually reap unless they take any kind of risk. The principle in is practice in both the capital markets as well as the labour markets. This means that the labourers would not be eligible for wages unless they take some risks while working or bear a cost. On the other hand the capital

Quantification of Bioactive Compounds in Mentat Tablet (MT)

Quantification of Bioactive Compounds in Mentat Tablet (MT) An ultra-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry method has been developed and validated for simultaneous quantification of twenty-eight major bioactive compounds in Mentat tablet (MT), a complex Indian herbal medicine used in the treatment of neurological disorder and improvement of mental health. Multiple-reaction monitoring scanning was employed for quantification in positive and negative mode. The analysis was accomplished on Waters AQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column with linear gradient elution of water/formic acid (0.1%) and acetonitrile/formic acid (0.1%) at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. The proposed method was validated with acceptable linearity (r2, 0.9984-0.9999), precision (RSD, 0.22–2.11%), stability (RSD, 0.16–1.78%) and recovery (RSD ≠¤ 3.74 %), under optimum conditions. The limits of quantitation were low ranging from 0.28 to 3.88 ng/mL for the 28 compounds. The method was successfully applied to the simultaneous deter mination of 28 compounds in twenty batches of MT tablets. Also, hierarchical cluster analysis and principle component analysis was applied to categorize 20 samples based on characteristics of the 28 bioactive compounds. The results have indicated that this advanced method is rapid, sensitive and suitable to show the real quality of the MT composition and also capable of controlling quality of polyherbal formulations having similar markers/raw herbs. Keywords: Multiple Reaction Monitoring / Multi-Marker Quantification / UPLC-ESI-MS/MS / Hierarchical Cluster Analysis / Principle Component Analysis 1. Introduction Herbal medicines (HMs) refer to one herb or complex mixtures, which usually contains hundreds of chemically different components. Their curative effects are principally based on the synergic effect of their multi-targeting and multi-ingredient preparations [1, 2]. Consequently, quality control becomes troublesome for crude drugs. the method that employs pharmacologically active components to evaluate the quality and authenticity of the complex preparations is confronted with severe challenges. Therefore, better analytical strategies to assure their efficacy, safety, and consistency is essential and in great demand [3]. Moreover, the chemical compounds in the poly herbs in HMs products may vary depending on harvest seasons, plant origins, drying processes and other factors. Thus, it seems to be necessary to determine most of the phytochemical constituents of herbal products in order to ensure the reliability and repeatability of pharmacological and clinical research and to enhance pro duct quality control [4, 5]. Currently, selection of a single or a few specific components from a certain herbal medicine as markers for quality assessment is a widely applied strategy. However, it cannot afford sufficient quantitative information for the other medicinal compositions and cannot accurately reflect the quality of HMs products. All the HMs compositions play important roles in the therapeutic effects. Therefore, selecting multiple constituents from different medicinal herbs as evaluation markers has been gradually applied for the quality control of HMs [6, 7]. Mentat tablets (MT, commercial product) is a polyherbal medication with each tablet composed of multiple herbs extracts (listed in Table S1). Major contributed herbs are Bacopa monnieri, Centella asiaticaand Withania somnifera. MT is a unique all-natural multi-ingredient formula that promotes brain health. It improves the mental quotient, memory span, concentration ability, stress threshold and exhibit significant anti-parkinsonian activity. MT also offers protection against convulsions, which is beneficial in insomnia with its sedative and tranquilizing effects [8-10]. Chemically bacosides, saponin mixture in B. monnieri, triterpenoid glycosides in C. asiatica, steroidal lactones in W. somnifera are the major representative ingredients in MT, in comparison to others. [11-14]. Phytochemical investigations show important classes of bioactive constituents in selected plants which are as in combination of MT that are responsible for the bioactivity [15-20]. Literature survey reveals various analytical methods including thin layer chromatography (TLC) [21], high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) [22, 23], liquid chromatography (LC) [6, 24, 25], liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) [26-29], nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) [30] for the quantitative analysis of the bioactive constituents in HMs to assess the quality of the complex preparations. To the best of our knowledge, there is no method reported for the simultaneous estimation of selected 28 multi-markers in herbals by UPLC-ESI-MS/MSand no such approach has been explored on this important drug combination for quality and consistency evaluation of this herbal preparation. Natural alteration in preparation processes and climate affects the safety and batch-to-batch uniformity of HMs products. Highly sensitive analytical methods are thus required to identify ingredients and evaluate batch-to-batch variation. Compared to conventional TLC, HPTLC, HPLC method which are less sensitive and takes longer analysis time, UPLC-ESI-MS/MS method in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode is more powerful approach. Due to its rapid separation power, low detection limit, high sensitivity, selectivity and specificity, UPLC-ESI-MS/MS offers effective detection to quantify multi-ingredients in complex sample matrices. Previous methods reported in literature only contained one or few compounds, without the consideration of other active ingredients. This paper describes for the first time a simple, accurate and reliable UPLC-ESI-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of 28 multiple bioactive compounds from different polyherbs viz., bacoside A (mixture of bacoside A3, bacopaside II, bacopaside X and bacopasaponin C), withanolide-A, withaferin-A, asiaticoside, madecassoside, jatrorrhizine, palmatine, magnoflorine, curcumin, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, ferulic acid, caffeic acid, ellagic acid, rosamarinic acid, ursolic acid, catechin, apigenin, luteolin, quercetin, rutin, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, corilagin, chrysin and chlorogenic acid with single runtime of 10 min. This method is intended not only for quality control of commercial polyherbal formulated products but also for efficient evaluation of raw materials. The quantitative results were further analyzed by multivariate statistical analysis i.e., hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principle component analysis (PCA) to provide more information about the ch emical differences and batch-to-batch variations. Chemical Structures of all analytes and internal standards were showed in Fig 1. 2. Experimental 2.1 Reagents and materials The reference standards (purity≠¥90%) bacoside A (mixture of bacoside A3, bacopaside II, bacopaside X and bacopasaponin C) was purchased from Natural Remedies Pvt. Ltd. Apigenin, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, protocatechuic acid, rosamarinic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, ursolic acid, palmatine, withanolide-A, withaferin-A, asiaticoside, madecassoside, jatrorrhizine, magnoflorine, catechin, chlorogenic acid, curcumin, rutin, corilagin, chrysin, gallic acid and ellagic acid were purchased from Sigma Aldrich Ltd. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Reference standards of quercetin, luteolin and internal standards (IS) andrographolide and piperine were purchased from Extrasyntheses (Genay, France). Twenty different batches of Mentat tablets produced by Himalaya Drug Company, Bangalore, India were purchased from local drug stores from different places in India (Table S2). For all solutions and dilutions, methanol, acetonitrile (LC-MS grade) and formic acid (analytical grade) were purchased from Fluka, Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Milli-Q Ultra-pure water was obtained from a Millipore water purification system (Millipore, Milford, MA, USA). 2.2 Preparation of standard solutions and samples A stock solution containing 28 standards i.e., bacoside A (mixture of bacoside A3, bacopaside II, bacopaside X and bacopasaponin C), withanolide-A, withaferin-A, asiaticoside, madecassoside, jatrorrhizine, palmatine, magnoflorine, curcumin, gallic acid, procatechuic acid, ferulic acid, caeffic acid, ellagic acid, rosamaric acid, ursolic acid, catechin, apigenin, luteolin, quercetin, rutin, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, corilagin, chrysin and chlorogenic acid were weighed accurately, dissolved in pure methanol.The working standard solutions were prepared by diluting the mixed standard solution with methanol to a series of concentrations within the ranges from 1 to 1000 ng/mL used for plotting the calibration curves. Meanwhile, each standard was also prepared respectively. The coating of each samples were removed completely, and the remains were smashed into powder. Pulverized sample (0.5g) was weighed precisely, and sonicated by ultrasonicator (53 KHz, Bandelin SONOREX, Berlin) using 50 ml 100% methanol at room temperature for 30 min. The extracted solution was centrifuged at 15000 rpm for 10 min, and the supernatant was filtered through a 0.22  µm syringe filter (Millex-GV, PVDF, Merck Millipore, Darmstadt, Germany) to obtained 10,000  µg/ml. The à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ltrates were diluted with methanol to final working solutions and analyzed directly by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS. The internal standards andrographolide for negative mode and piperine for positive mode were spiked to each working concentration of mixed standards solution and sample solution at a final concentration of 50 ng/mL (50  µL of internal standards mixture of 1000 ng/mL of each in methanol) were mixed properly. All solutions were stored at -200C until use and sonicated prior to injection. 2.3 Instrumentation and analytical conditions An Acquity ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLCTM) system consisting of an auto sampler and a binary pump (Waters, Milford, MA was used for analysis. The compounds were separated on an Acquity BEH C18 (2.1 mmÃâ€" 50 mm, 1.7 µm; Waters, Milford, MA) analytical column at a column temperature of 25à ¢- ¦C. A gradient elution was achieved using two solvents: 0.1% (v/v) formic acid in water (A) and 0.1% (v/v) formic acid in acetonitrile (B) at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. The gradient program consisted of an initial of 5% with linear increase from 5% to 60% B over 1.85 to 7.5 min and increased from 60% B to 90% B over 8.5 min, which was maintained for 1.5 min, followed by a return to the initial condition over 2.5 min with a sample injection volume of 5 µL. The UPLC system was interfaced with hybrid linear ion trap triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer (API 4000 QTRAPâ„ ¢ MS/MS system from AB Sciex, Concord, ON, Canada) equipped with electrospray (Turbo V) ion source. The optimized parameters for positive mode were as follows: the ion spray voltage was set to 5500 V; the turbo spray temperature, 550à ¢- ¦C; nebulizer gas (gas 1), 50 psi; heater gas (gas 2), 50 psi; collision gas, medium; the curtain gas (CUR) was kept at 20 psi. Optimized parameter for negative mode were as follows: the ion spray voltage was set to −4200 V, the turbo spray temperature, 550à ¢- ¦C; nebulizer gas (gas 1), 20 psi; heater gas (gas 2), 20 psi; collision gas, medium; the curtain gas (CUR) was kept at 20 psi. Quantitative analysis was performed using multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) mode and its conditions were optimized for each compound during infusion. For full scan ESI-MS analysis, the spectra covered the range from m/z 100 to 1000. Analyst 1.5.1 software package (AB Sciex) used for instrument control and data acquisition. The results of the precursor ion, product ion, corresponding declustering potential (DP), entrance potential (EP), collision energy (CE), cell exit potential (CXP) were shown in Table S3. 2.4 Multivariate analysis Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) is a tool to identify relatively homogeneous groups of cases based on selected characteristics, using an algorithm that starts with each case in a separate cluster until only one is left. In the experiment, HCA of 20 batches of samples were performed, in which a method called average linkage between groups was employed and 28 markers were selected as the measurement. Similarly, Principal component analysis (PCA) was carried out based on the contents of quantified 28 bioactive compounds in 20 batches of samples. All the experiment was done using software STATISTICA 7.0. When the contents of investigated compounds were below the quantitation limit or not detected in the samples, the values of such elements were considered to be zero.

Technology is a Benefit to Our Society Essay -- Argumentative Persuasi

Technology is a Benefit to Our Society Over the last century, our world has evolved so much, because of the growth of the technological field. Although we spend a lot of money in order to gain new information, the reward goes far beyond the cost of money. In this case, the reward is the ability to save the lives of millions of people. In his essay, â€Å"The Technology of Medicine,† Lewis Thomas describes the three levels of technology; Nontechnology, Halfway Technology, and Effective Technology (582-583). â€Å"Nontechnology† has become the therapeutic part of technology, which helps patients through the emotional and mental effects that a disease can have on them. â€Å"Halfway Technology† is the name given to procedures, such as transplants, that prevent deaths of patients from the failure of certain organs of their bodies. However, the most important level is â€Å"Effective Technology† which consists of inventions used to help manage, eliminate or detect certain types of diseases before t hey have a chance to progress to higher levels within patients’ bodies. All these gadgets show that technology can be used as a benefit to humankind, only when used for the correct reasons to avoid such disasters as the cancer caused by bomb testing in Terry Williams’ essay, â€Å"The Clan of One-breasted Women.† Effective technology has not only touched the lives of people living in the United States, but those living all around the world as well. Through the invention of immunizations, we have been able to eliminate many diseases, such as smallpox, that have caused the death of millions of people in past generations. If not for the invention of antibiotics, the time and money that would be spent on treatments for infections would be much greater than ... ...s made in my life; and if it were not for the different inventions that have come out of technology, many of us would not be here today. How has technology made a difference in your life? Maybe you should think about that question before taking your own decision on this subject. Works Cited Gould, Stephen Jay. â€Å"The Terrifying Normalcy of AIDS.† The McGraw-Hill Reader. 8th ed. Ed. Gilbert H. Muller. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003. 594-597 Selzer, Richard. â€Å"Sarcophagus.† McGraw-Hill Reader. 8th ed. Ed. Gilbert H. Muller. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003. Thomas, Lewis. â€Å"The Technology of Medicine.† McGraw-Hill Reader. 8th ed. Ed. Gilbert H. Muller. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003. Williams, Terry Tempest. â€Å"The Clan of One-Breasted Women.† McGraw-Hill Reader. 8th ed. Ed. Gilbert H. Muller. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003. 598-607 4 Montilus 1

Cell Energetics Study Guide

Cellular Energetics Study Guide 1. Overall Metabolism a. Oxidation – a molecule LOSSES hydrogen, energy is RELEASED b. Reduction – a molecule GAINS hydrogen, energy is GAINED and stored (the more reduced a molecule is, the more energy is stored in its COVALENT BONDS) *** Always occur in a coupled pair (RED-OX)*** c. Electron Carriers i. Oxidizing Agents: are REDUCED to OXIDIZE another molecule 1. NAD+ – oxidizes glucose to 2 pyruvate in glycolysis, oxidizes pyruvate to CO2 in the Kreb’s cycle (gets reduced to NADH) 2.NADP+- oxidizes H2O to O2 during the Light Dependent Reactions of photosynthesis, final electron acceptor from chlorophyll (PSI) (gets reduced to NADPH) 3. FAD+- oxidizes NADH to NAD during glycolysis and transported to the mitochondrion (gets reduced to FADHs) ii. Reducing Agents: are OXIDIZED to REDUCE another molecule 4. NADH- reduces 2 pyruvate to 2 lactic acid in fermentation, reduces O2 during the respiratory chain (gets oxidized to NAD) *CANNOT pass through the mitochondrion* 5.NADPH- reduces CO2 to form carbohydrates (Calvin Cycle) in the Dark Reactions of photosynthesis (gets oxidized to NADP) 6. FADH2- reduces O2 during the respiratory chain (gets oxidized to FAD) *CAN pass through the mitochondrion* 2. Phosphorylation: Formation of ATP (ADP + P ATP) d. Substrate-level: direct enzymatic transfer of a phosphate to ADP * Only occurs during glycolysis when O2 is not needed to function * Only a small amount of ATP is produced this way e.Electron Transfer /Chemiosmosis: the movement of protons (H+) down a concentration gradient through ATP synthase that can HARNESS THE ENERGY OF THAT GRADIENT (proton-motive force) to bond ADP and phosphate to create ATP through oxidative phosphorylation * Occurs during the Light Dependent Reaction * 90% of ATP is produced this way 3. Photosynthesis f. Balanced Net Reaction: light 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 g. Light Dependent Reaction – occurs on the thylakoid lumen iii. Photol ysis – oxidation of H2O to release electrons used to return PSII to ground state iv.NADP Reduction – NADP receives an electron from PSI as it passes through electron transfer chains, reducing it to NADPH+. Electrons are passed from excited atoms that gain energy from a photon. v. ATP Synthesis – ATP is produced by chemiosmotic phosphorylation. Proton gradient (within the thylakoid interior) is made as electrons from photosystems are passed through proton pumps. h. Light Independent Reaction – occurs in the stroma vi. CO2 fixation: RuBP + CO2 2 PGA (a form that can be easily reduced).The reaction is catalyzed by RUBISCO. 7. In the presence of oxygen, RuBP + O2 Bad Sugar; process is called photorespiration. Plants overcome this by keeping a HIGH concentration of CO2. Land plants must compromise opening the stroma to maintain high CO2 concentration with loss of H2O. There are 2 additional adaptations that evolved: a. C-4 Pathway – formation of Oxaloac etate (C-4) from CO2 + PEP (C-3). Occurs in outer cells (mesophyll). Calvin cycle occurs in inner cells only (closer to supply of CO2, bundle sheath). b.CAM Pathway – like C-4, but fixation only occurs at night, when water loss is minimal. Found in desert plants, like cacti. vii. Calvin Cycle 8. PGA is reduced to PGAL using the products of the light dependent reaction, NADPH (oxidized) and ATP (provides energy) 9. One-sixth of the PGAL produced is used to create glucose for the cell to grow and repair. 10. Five-sixths of the PGAL is used to produce RuBP, completing the cycle (energy requiring). 4. Cellular Respiration i. Balanced Net Reaction: C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O j.Glycolysis – occurs in the cytoplasm. All organisms carry out this process. viii. Glucose is double phosphorylated by 2 ATP and broken up into two three carbon phosphorylated molecules called PGAL ix. Each PGAL is phosphorylated by a free phosphate and ADP to form Biphosphoglycerate (BPG) while NAD is reduced to NADH. x. Each BPG aides in Substrate Level Phosphorylation of two ADP’s to form 2 ATP’s. Water is released. The remaining 3 carbon molecule is pyruvate. k. Fermentation – when pyruvate is used to oxidize NADH to replenish NAD+.Only produces 2 ATP per glucose through glycolysis. Some organisms (anaerobic) do it exclusively. Occurs regularly in all cells, but products can build up when NAD supplied through reduction of pyruvate is not available. 2 Forms: xi. Alcoholic – produces ethanol and CO2 from reduction of pyruvate. xii. Lactic acid – produces lactic acid from the reduction of pyruvate. l. Kreb’s Cycle – NAD required to begin. Takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria or in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes. xiii. Pyruvate is oxidized to Acetyl CoA, Reduced by _______, Releases 1 NADH. iv. Acetyl CoA is added to Oxaloacetate to form Citrate. xv. Citrate is broken down releasing 2 H2O and is oxidized 4x: by NAD+ thrice an d once by FAD+. One Substrate Level phosphorylation occurs producing ATP. Oxaloacetate is the product and continues the cycle by being added to the next available acetyl CoA. m. Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation – takes place on the cristae (inner mitochondrial) membrane. xvi. NADH and FADH2, products of Glycolysis and Krebs are oxidized by Q (molecule embedded in the membrane).Electrons are passed to cytochrome and protons are pumped into the proton pumps. xvii. The protons diffuse back through ATP synthase in a process called chemiosmosis. The energy harnessed allows an oxidative phosphorylation of ATP. (3 for each NADH, 2 for each FADH2) xviii. Free protons in the matrix and the electrons accepted by E. T. C are passed to O2, which is reduced to water. Stomata Allows gas exchange; since a lot of water can be lost, plants only open stomata for photosynthesis in daylight; at night they close to reduce loss of water. **CAM plants keep their stomates closed duri ng day and open at night*** Mesophyll C-3 Plants: Calvin Cycle during day C-4 Plants: CO2 combines with 3 carbon molecule PEP to form C-4 acid CAM Plants: stores CO2 in organic compounds that are synthesized at night Bundle sheath C-4 Plants: Calvin Cycle during day CAM Plants: Calvin Cycle during day Thylakoid lumen Light dependent reactions Stroma Calvin Cycle/Light independent reactions Inner membrane E. T. C. Cytoplasm Glycolysis & Fermentaion Matrix Kreb’s Cycle Diagrams (know following structures and what takes place there)